Swedish Literature in the 20th Century
information from the Swedish Institute
SWEDISH CULTURE
As is only natural, a whole century of Swedish literature encompasses numerous literary currents: folk romanticism, flâneur literature, expressionism, bourgeois novels, surrealistic poetry, urbane portraits, social criticism, social realism, and accounts of the disintegration of the welfare state and the fragility of the individual.
Some writers belonging to this literary scene have only one role, but a major one, to play. Others reappear in several guises. Different voices from different epochs speak to us, loudly or softly, from "their" 20th century.
TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY LITERARY CURRENTS
Two giants dominated Swedish literature at the turn of the 20th century: Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) and August Strindberg (1849-1912), whose influence on narrative and drama has been felt ever since. Strindberg's Röda Rummet (The Red Room), 1879, and Lagerlöf's Gösta Berlings saga (Gösta Berling's Saga), 1891, are considered the first modern Swedish novels.
Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (The Wonderful Adventures of
Nils), 1906-1907, by Lagerlöf, a book which several generations of schoolchildren
knew by heart, is a playful introduction to Sweden's geography. Two years
later came Svenskarna och deras hövdingar (The Swedes and Their Chief-tains),
a children's history reader by Verner von Heidenstam (1859-1940). Because
Strindberg was constantly at odds with the Swedish establishment, early in
this century Heidenstam was the author who enjoyed the status of Sweden's
unofficial poet laureate. His oeuvre was imbued with romantic nationalism
and themes from Swedish history, beginning with his debut collection of poetry,
Vallfart och vandringsår (Pilgrimage and Wandering-Years), 1888. Nya
dikter (New Poems), 1915, was his last major work.
During this period, symbolism was the fashionable literary movement. Strindberg,
in addition to his realistic works, was also a trailblazing symbolist playwright.
Ett drömspel (A Dream Play), 1902, contains one of his most famous lines:
"Humanity is to be pitied."
The foremost symbolist poet was Vilhelm Ekelund (1880-1949), one of the first modernists in Sweden. He wrote free verse but later switched to essays and aphorisms.
Few authors capture the fin-de-siècle flâneur atmosphere of disillusioned
sophistication as skillfully as Hjalmar Söderberg (1869-1941). His protagonists
were passive and listless, aimlessly roaming the streets of Stockholm, but
the fact that Söderberg did not condemn their often decadent lifestyles
was considered somewhat shocking. Den allvarsamma leken (The Serious Game),
1912, is perhaps the most widely read of all the classic Swedish romance novels,
while Förvillelser (Aberrations), 1895, and Doktor Glas (Doctor Glas),
1905, are remembered for their vivid portrayals of Stockholm.
THE WRITERS OF THE 1910 DECADE
The writers associated with the period 1910-1920, inspired by Strindberg, often turned to social issues. Among the first working-class authors were Maria Sandel, Ludvig Nordström, Martin Koch and Dan Anderson. Meanwhile such authors as Sigfrid Siwertz, Elin Wägner and Hjalmar Bergman portrayed the bourgeoisie in a way that contrasted with the passive flâneur mentality. They wrote accessible descriptions of Sweden's transition from an agrarian to an industrial society.
Hjalmar Bergman (1883-1931), one of the truly great storytellers of Swedish
literature, was both a novelist and a dramatist. One of his specialties was
portraying the evils of contemporary life in a carnivalesque, entertaining
way, as in his 1919 novel about small-town life, Markurells i Wadköping
(God's Orchid). Farmor och vår herre (Thy Rod and Thy Staff), 1921,
and Clownen Jac (Jac the Clown), 1930, are other outstanding novels.
Elin Wägner (1882-1949) depicted the lives of modern working women and
the vicissitudes of the Swedish women's suffrage movement. Her most noteworthy
novels are Norrtullsligan (The Norrtull Gang), 1908, Pennskaftet (The Penholder)
and Åsa-Hanna (Åsa-Hanna), 1917.
THE TWENTIES AND THIRTIES — THE INTERWAR PERIOD
Pär Lagerkvist (1891-1974) was one of the first modernist poets in Sweden. His expressionist poem, Ångest (Anguish), 1916, introduced modernist lyricism to Sweden. Lagerkvist's prose and poetry addressed the great existential questions of the existence of God and the meaning of life. He often chose the ancient world for his settings. He was also a playwright. Himlens hemlighet (The Secret of Heaven), 1919, his best known drama, echoes Strindberg's Ett drömspel.
Inspired by European modernism, Birger Sjöberg's (1885-1929) poem Kriser
och kransar (Crises and Wreaths) caused an outcry when it appeared in 1926,
both because of its anxiety-ridden expressionistic form and because Sjöberg
had earlier made his name as an idyllist in the popular Fridas visor (Frida's
Songs), 1922. Lagerkvist's and Sjöberg's poetic rebellion would later
be embraced by the poets of the thirties and the forties.
During the interwar period a number of writers emerged who had their roots
in the working class, among them Eyvind Johnson, Vilhelm Moberg, Moa Martinson
and Jan Fridegård. Many of them wrote autobiographical novels in the
spirit of Maxim Gorky. During 1934-1937, Eyvind Johnson (1900-1976) came out
with Romanen om Olof (The Novel About Olof) in four parts, depicting a working-class
boy's path from a simple background to self-insight. Johnson wrote historical
novels as well and took a stand against the Nazis in his Krilon (Krilon) trilogy,
1941-1943.
The widely popular Vilhelm Moberg (1898-1973) wrote about Swedish rural society
and its history. Several of his novels were turned into motion pictures. Swedish
film director Jan Troell's two-part adaptation of Moberg's four novels about
19th century Swedish emigration to America — Utvandrarna (The Emigrants),
1949, Invandrarna (Unto a Good Land), 1952, Nybyggarna (The Settlers), 1956,
and Sista brevet hem (The Last Letter Home), 1959, — made cinematic history.
Moberg was also a controversial social critic in the spirit of Strindberg.
Another social rebel was Ivar Lo-Johansson (1901-1990) who became the dominant
figure among Swedish proletarian writers. He portrayed the cotters — poor
farm laborers who were paid mainly in kind — in such novels as Godnatt, jord
(Good Night, Earth), 1933, and he captured the big-city mentality in novels
like Kungsgatan (King's Street), 1935. The latter was a subversive novel that
in the midst of the book burnings of the thirties depicted prostitution and
venereal diseases.
Moa Martinson (1890-1964) wrote twenty novels, focusing on the daily drudgery
of women factory workers and farm laborers. The volumes in her autobiographical
trilogy — Mor gifter sig (My Mother Gets Married), 1936, Kyrkbröllop
(Church Wedding) and Kungens rosor (The King's Roses), 1939, — are constantly
checked out from Swedish public libraries.
Meanwhile novels about the bourgeoisie were being written by Agnes von Krusenstjerna,
Olle Hedberg and Fritiof Nilsson Piraten. Agnes von Krusenstjerna (1894-1940)
portrayed "the poor nobility," a class from which she drew characters afflicted
by a nervous hysteria with sexual overtones in her three Tony (Tony) books,
1922-1926, and in her von Pahlen (von Pahlen) series, 1930-1935. The candor
of these works stirred up bad blood and resulted in a furious debate.
In 1929, Artur Lundkvist, Harry Martinson, Gustav Sandgren, Erik Asklund
and Josef Kjellgren published a poetry anthology entitled Fem unga (Five Young
Men), which became a premonition of things to come in the thirties. Inspired
by Freudian psychoanalysis, Lundkvist and Martinson viewed the future with
optimism. They later became major figures in Swedish literary history.
Artur Lundkvist (1906-1991), a surrealist poet and prose writer, was a prolific
author throughout his life and played a key role in introducing international
literature to Swedish readers. Harry Martinson (1904-1978), a former sailor
who had grown up as an orphan, described his difficult childhood in Nässlorna
blomma (Flowering Nettle), 1935. In the thirties he became one of Sweden's
finest nature poets. But he also wrote the space epic Aniara (Aniara), 1956,
in which he described the arms race and galloping technical advances in a
spirit of disillusionment. This poetic epic was later turned into an opera.
Karin Boye (1900-1941), whose poetry many Swedes know by heart, was among
the cultural radicals of her age and was inspired by modernism and psychoanalysis.
Her futuristic novel, Kallocain (Kallocain), 1940, was a critique of Nazi
Germany.
The thirties produced such influential poets as Johannes Edfelt, Hjalmar
Gullberg and Nils Ferlin. In 1932, Sweden's arguably greatest poet, Gunnar
Ekelöf (1907-1968) made his debut. Sent på jorden (Late Arrival
on Earth), 1932, was called the first Swedish collection of surrealist poetry.
Ekelöf wrote simple, immediate poems as well as experimental ones, often
with Oriental influences. He crushed the letters in order to find a new language
which better reflected a shattered reality.
THE FORTIES
Nineteen forty-five marked a literary divide. The war was a painful memory for many writers. Pessimism ruled and themes like anxiety and guilt recurred frequently. Not until now had modernist literary trends found a firm hold; the new emerging literature became increasingly experimental and its incomprehensibility was the topic of the day.
Lars Ahlin (1915-1997), above all, came to represent the rebellion against
realism. Ahlin was more interested in depicting an associative world, as in
his novel Om (If), 1946, and later Natt i marknadstältet (Night in the
Market Tent), 1957. In the early eighties, after many years of silence, he
resumed his novel writing and continued working until his death.
One genius of the 1940s generation who died young was Stig Dagerman (1923-1954).
Guilt and anxiety were the themes of his symbolist and gro-tesque novels,
such as Ormen (The Snake), 1945, De dömdas ö (Island of the Doomed),
1946, Bränt barn (A Burnt Child), 1948, and Bröllopsbesvär
(Wedding Worries) 1949. In Den dödsdömde (The Condemned), 1947,
he also distinguished himself as a playwright.
Erik Lindegren and Karl Vennberg were dominant figures among the poets of
the forties. Mannen utan väg (The Man Without a Way), 1942, by Erik Lindegren
(1910-1968) — with its "shattered sonnets" — was little understood by most
critics. The poet's intention in using a fragmentary form inspired by the
French surrealists and the tense imagery of T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, was
to capture the frailty of the age. Vinteroffer (Winter Rites), 1954, was his
last poetry collection.
The poetry of Karl Vennberg (1910-1995), with echoes from T.S. Eliot, was
critical of his age in much the same way as that of Lindegren. Vennberg was
an analytical skeptic who sought to re-evaluate poetic and political truths.
He made his debut in 1937 with Hymn och hunger (Hymn and Hunger) and continued
to write poetry until his death.
One of Vennberg's disciples was the modernist poet Werner Aspenström (1918-1997), who was a successful playwright as well. Although his breakthrough came in 1946 with the collection Skriket och tystnaden (The Scream and the Silence), he is mostly associated with the fifties. One of the most widely read Swedish poets, he remained active as a writer until the end.
A number of women authors appeared during the forties, as well. The poet
and prose writer Elsa Grave (b. 1918) wrote colorfully grotesque and angry
poems about everything from motherhood to the threat of nuclear war. Taking
her heroines from ancient mythology, Rut Hillarp (b. 1914) created an erotic
surrealism and became an example for many female writers.
Stina Aronson (1892-1956) received her literary and public breakthrough with
the modernist novel Hitom himlen (This Side of Heaven), 1946, in which she
portrayed the taciturn women in the hardscrabble farming areas of northern
Sweden.
Ulla Isaksson (b. 1916), who made her debut in 1940, also used female identity
as a recurring motif in her works. Her depiction of motherhood in the novel
Paradistorg (Paradise Place), 1973, caused an uproar among many feminists,
who considered her views reactionary. She also wrote screenplays for film
director Ingmar Bergman — Jungfrukällan (The Virgin Spring), among others
— and in 1994 she published a highly publicized autobiographical novel, Boken
om E. (The Book About E.), based on her relationship with her dying husband.
THE FIFTIES
The literature of the fifties continued some of the themes of the forties but was somewhat more playfully ironic and idyllic. Many authors were accused of ignoring world events — the arms race, the Cold War and the crisis in Korea were practically invisible in the Swedish literature of that decade.
Lars Forssell (b. 1928) tried different genres and different identities in
his writing, inspired early on by Ezra Pound. Vacillating between simple folksiness
and advanced metaphors, Forssell's poetry left its mark on the literature
of the fifties. Together with Pär Rådström (1925-1963), who
personified the modern spirit of the fifties with his portrayals of urban
jargon and milieus, Forssell renewed Swedish political theater as well. To
this day, it is still a literary event when a new Forssell book is published.
One of our internationally best known poets is Tomas Tranströmer (b.
1931), whose bold imagery has been highly influential, starting with his debut
volume, 17 dikter (17 Poems), 1954, and running through to his latest collection
Sorgegondolen (The Mourning Gondola), 1996. However, he fell out of favor
in the sixties and seventies, when a more politicized literature was expected.
The works of Willy Kyrklund (b. 1921), who made his debut in 1948 and wrote
philosophical novels and short stories in which the Orient frequently served
as inspiration, have seen a renaissance during the nineties. Solange (Solange),
1951, and Mästaren Ma (The Master Ma) are two of his masterpieces.
Other influential writers during the fifties were Lars Gyllensten and Tora
Dahl, along with poets Majken Johansson, Göran Printz-Påhlson,
Folke Isaksson, Bo Setterlind, and Sandro Key-Åberg. Still active is
Birgitta Trotzig (b. 1929), a major modernist writer who made her breakthrough
with the novel De utsatta (The Exposed), 1957, and whose works focus on existential
questions of a religious nature.
Sara Lidman (b. 1923) became an overnight success with Tjärdalen (The
Tar Pit), 1953. Written in dialect, the novel took place among small farmers
in the northern Swedish province of Västerbotten. Lidman's debut book
fore-shadowed the political awareness of the sixties through its commitment
to helping the destitute and the oppressed of the world. After a prolific
period which included her "railway epic" series, Lidman was silent for some
years until 1996 when her critically acclaimed novel Lifsens rot (The Root
of Life) was published.
THE SIXTIES
A new socially critical literature emerged during the sixties, in which the emphasis was on a global perspective, Western civilization was questioned, and the anti-Vietnam War movement was born. Interest in Marxist ideology increased and literature became more accessible. Journalistic documentary books became a new literary wave which peaked in the early seventies.
Jan Myrdal (b. 1927) published Rapport från kinesisk by (Report from
a Chinese Village), 1963, and Sven Lindqvist wrote accounts of his travels
in Latin America and Asia. Sara Lidman wrote Samtal i Hanoi (Conversation
in Hanoi), 1966, and Gruva (Mine), 1968, a series of interviews with miners.
Per Wästberg (b. 1933), who had made his debut in 1949 as a precocious
fifteen-year-old, became involved in the struggle against racial oppression
in Rhodesia and South Africa during the sixties. His interest in Africa resulted
in documentary reports from that continent and several surveys of African
literature. Wästberg is also well known for a trilogy of Stockholm novels
— Vattenslott (The Water Castle), 1968, Luftburen (The Air Cage), 1969, and
Jordmånen (Love's Gravity), 1972, — which portray love in the big city.
Göran Sonnevi (b. 1939), whose politically and socially conscious poems
made him the epithetical "poet of the new left" for ten years, made his break-through
in 1965 with Ingrepp - Modeller (Intervention - Models), which includes his
famous poem Om kriget i Vietnam (On the War in Vietnam). In 1996, Sonnevi's
nearly 300-page collection called Mozarts tredje hjärna (Mozart's Third
Brain) demonstrated that he is still one of our major poets.
The early sixties witnessed a brief modernistic wave of avant-garde experiments
with form. Bengt-Emil Johnson (b. 1936) introduced concretism to Sweden with
his 1963 poetry collection Hyllningarna (The Homages). He was followed by
Åke Hodell (b. 1919), who poked fun at the military establishment in
Igevär (To Arms), 1963, and General Bussig (General Nice Guy), 1964.
Sonja Åkesson (1926-1977), who made her debut in 1957, wrote socially
critical poems in the style of the so-called New Simplicity about the condition
of women in culturally deprived everyday environments. Volumes like Leva livet
(Live Life), 1961, and Husfrid (Domestic Peace), 1963, inspired poets such
as Kristina Lugn and Bodil Malmsten, who became influential in the eighties
and nineties.
Kent Andersson (b. 1933) and Bengt Bratt (b. 1937) brought a sense of social
commitment to the Swedish theater stage in the sixties with their historic
plays Flotten (The Raft), Sandlådan (The Sandbox) and Hemmet (The Home),
created — in the spirit of the times — through teamwork with the actors.
Per Olov Enquist (b. 1934) wrote both documentary prose and experimental
novels. Hess (Hess), 1966, is a fragmented meta-novel, and in Legionärerna
(The Legionnaires), 1968, he combined documentary and fictional elements in
his account of the extradition of Baltic war refugees from Sweden to the Soviet
Union. Later Enquist wrote novels with a broader scope, for example Musikanternas
uttåg (The March of the Musicians), 1978, and Kapten Nemos bibliotek (Captain Nemo's Library). In the mid-seventies Enquist made his breakthrough
as a playwright. Tribadernas natt (The Night of the Tribades), 1975, and Från
regnormarnas liv (The Dance of the Rainsnakes), 1981, helped him become one
of Sweden's internationally most acclaimed dramatists, alongside Lars Norén.
Lars Norén (b. 1944) made his debut as a poet with hallucinatory,
surrealist poems. Stupor (Stupor), 1968, is a collage of violent images of
world events, with themes like death and guilt.
THE SEVENTIES
A certain reaction against the politicized sixties can be detected during the seventies. In the spirit of German writer and activist Günter Wallraff, poet Göran Palm (b. 1931) took a job as a factory worker at a large corporation, LM Ericsson, and wrote Ett år på LM (One Year at LM) and Bokslut från LM (Balance Sheet from LM), 1974.
Per Christian Jersild (b. 1935), whose writing swings brilliantly between
social realism and the fantastic, wrote a number of polemical novels about
various Swedish institutions, for example Babels hus (House of Babel), 1978,
which dealt with the health care system.
But otherwise the broad epic novel came to dominate the decade. Several major
writers produced series of novels about Sweden's industrial revolution and
emerging welfare state. Lars Gustafsson (b. 1936), one of Sweden's most prolific
and internationally acclaimed writers, made his mark during the sixties as
a philosophical poet and novelist. In the seventies Sprickorna i muren (The
Cracks in the Wall) appeared, a series of novels that evoked the atmosphere
of the decade.
Kerstin Ekman (b. 1933), whose importance as
a writer has continued to grow, penned a series of novels about working-class
women in the central Swedish town of Katrineholm, of which the first part,
Häxringarna (Witches' Rings), came out in 1974. Händelser vid vatten
(Blackwater), 1993, which has been translated into several languages, is one
of the most critically acclaimed and popular novels of the nineties.
One of Sweden's great storytellers was Sven Delblanc (1931-1992) who made
his literary debut in 1962. He became especially popular for his Hedeby (Hedeby)
series, which was set in the farming communities of Södermanland province
southwest of Stockholm; the first part, Åminne (Memories of a Stream),
appeared in 1970.
Another widely popular, versatile author is Per Anders Fogelström (b. 1917), who created a significant historical document with his series of novels that followed a working-class family in Stockholm from the 1860s to the present.
Sara Lidman's "railway epic", which depicts the settling of Sweden's northern
region, Norrland, created a new narrative language in Swedish literature.
In the intensely imaginative writings of Göran Tunström (b. 1937),
we hear echoes of Selma Lagerlöf. Tunström defined his literary
universe, Sunne in Värmland province, with the novel Prästungen
(The Vicar's Kid), 1976. His best known work, Juloratoriet (The Christmas
Oratorio), which was recently turned into a movie, appeared in 1983. Tunström
made a much anticipated comeback as a novelist in 1996 with Skimmer (Shimmering),
which is set in Iceland during the age of the sagas.
Jack (Jack), a bestselling novel by Ulf Lundell (b. 1949), became synonymous
with "the young seventies." A latter-day Beat generation writer, Lundell has
written several novels that both portray contemporary life and are self-reflective.
He is a constant source of inspiration for would-be writers, but during the
nineties, Swedish publishing houses continue to search in vain for a worthy
successor.
THE POST-MODERN EIGHTIES
Autisterna (The Autistics) 1979, the book that marked the debut of Stig Larsson (b. 1955), was the leading edge of the post-modern eighties. As a poet, prose writer and playwright, Larsson became the foremost representative of the young literature that emerged during that decade. Socially critical literature of epic proportions gave way to thin prose books of about a hundred pages. Gone was the dutiful social commitment of the seventies. Instead the lack of identity and fragmented shape of the characters in his novels captured a social system and a welfare state in dissolution.
As in the forties, there were debates about the incomprehensibility and amoral
nature of the new literature. Young writers were dismissed as too disengaged
and anemically academic. Authors such as Stig Larsson, Carina Rydberg, Alexander
Ahndoril and Magnus Dahlström wrote about violence and evil without adopting
a moral stance.
The form-conscious eighties were, above all, a decade of poetry. Tobias Berggren
(b. 1940) had been a significant poet since the seventies; other important
names were Gunnar D. Hansson, Arne Johnsson and Magnus William-Olsson. However,
women poets such as Katarina Frostenson (b. 1953), Ann Jäderlund (b.
1955) and Birgitta Lillpers (b. 1958) were especially instrumental in revitalizing
poetry during the eighties.
Lars Norén has taken over Ingmar Bergman's former position as Sweden's
national dramatist during the eighties and nineties. In 1980 came his trilogy
Modet att döda (The Courage to Kill), a claustrophobic middle class drama
reminiscent of Chekhov. In the nineties Norén has returned to the milieus
inhabited by society's rejects, which he had portrayed as a poet and prose
writer in the sixties.
THE NINETIES
The decade before the turn of the millennium has not yet left any clear fingerprints. The nineties do not lend themselves to definitions; the decade's expressions are numerous and go in all directions.
There is, however, a vague tendency toward a more extroverted literature;
here and there a sense of social commitment is re-emerging. The poetry of
the nineties tends to portray everyday situations and is less linguistically
experimental. Göran Greider (b. 1959) set the tone with his collection
När fabrikerna tystnar (When the Factories Grow Silent).
In prose, as well, there is a desire to return to social realism and documentary
storytelling. The dark socio-psychological novels and short stories of Robert
Kangas (b. 1951) have given him a unique position among those Swedish writers
who emerged in the late eighties.
Autobiographies and confessional literature have experienced an upswing.
For example Peter Kihlgård (b. 1954), renowned as a master of fantasy,
wrote Anvisningar till en far (Instructions for a Father), 1996, a prose poem
depicting his adolescence. Björn Ranelid (b. 1949), one of few writers
making their debut in the eighties who have managed to attract a large readership
while also remaining a respected name on the cultural affairs pages of newspapers,
also published his childhood recollections in Till alla människor på
jorden och i himlen (To All People on Earth and in Heaven), 1997.
Several other writers representing a variety of styles, who made their literary
debut earlier, have strengthened their positions during the nineties. They
include Sigrid Combüchen (b. 1942), whose breakthrough came with the
novel Byron (Byron) and who continued writing in a witty, sophisticated manner
in the novel Långa och korta kapitel (Long and Short Chapters); Torgny
Lindgren (b. 1938), whose legend-like, grotesque novel Hummelhonung (Bumble-bee
Honey) echoed his earlier masterpiece, Ormens väg på hälleberget (The Way of a Serpent), from 1982; and poet and playwright Agneta Pleijel
(b. 1940) who started to write novels in the eighties and achieved success
with her philosophical novel Fungi (Fungi).
In the past few years, Inger Edelfeldt (b.1956) has also consolidated her
position as an important writer. She enters the consciousness of frail individuals
and shows how their inner desires are on a collision course with reality.
Her latest collection of short stories, Den förunderliga kameleonten
(The Singular Chameleon), received a great deal of publicity.
It remains to be seen whether the nineties will eventually show their true face or remain a decade of vague contours.
Anneli Jordahl
The author is a literary historian and writes on cultural issues for the national morning paper Dagens Nyheter and others. She was one of the principal editors of the anthologies Den nya prosan: 30 författare (New Prose: 30 authors), 1993, on Swedish writers of the 80s and 90s, and Avsändare Norden: den nya prosan (From the North: new prose), 1996, on Nordic writers from the same period.
The author alone is responsible for the opinions expressed in this fact sheet.
Translation: Victor Kayfetz
SWEDISH NOBEL LAUREATES IN LITERATURE
| Selma Lagerlöf | 1909 |
| Verner von Heidenstam | 1916 |
| Erik Axel Karlfeldt | 1931 |
| Pär Lagerkvist | 1951 |
| Eyvind Johnson/ | |
| Harry Martinson | 1974 |
This fact sheet is part of SI's information service. It can be used as background information on condition that the source is acknowledged.
Published by the Swedish Institute
January 1998
Classification: FS 114 a
ISSN 1101-6124
28-05-2006